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 1.Overview |
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Tri-Con valve-regulated lead-acid batteries (VRLA battery)
have been on the market for more than 10 years. The batteries
include 2v.4v.6v.8v.12v.24V, a series of batteries which
capacity from 200mAh to 3000Ah.The VRAL battery is a rechargeable
battery, which based on AGM (Absorbed Glass Mat) technology
with calcium grids, offer excellent high rate performance
characteristic and increased life expectancy. It does
not require adding water in service life.
The VRLA battery covers a broad
range of applications including electric tools, emergency
lighting, UPS, electric wheel chairs, computer and telecommunications,
etc.
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| 2.Features |
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Safe and sealed
No electrolyte leakage will occur
from terminals or case of any Tri-Con SLA battery ensuring
safe and efficient operation in normal applications.
No free acid
The special electrolyte retentive
separators hold the acid and thus there is no free acid
inside the battery, and therefore the battery can be mounted
in any position.
Gas pressure-venting system
Tri-Con SLA battery designed to release excessive gas
and reseal automatically in the event gas pressure rises
to a level above the normal rate thus, there is no excessive
gas build-up in the battery.
Easy Maintenance operation
There is no need to add water thanks to the unique
gas recombination system that totally transforms the
generated gas into water.
Long service life
The use of heavy-duty lead-calcium alloy grids with
anti-corrosive construction enables the Tri-Con SLA battery
to remains in float service for 10-15 years.
High reliability and stably quality
With advancing production technology and strictly quality
control system, the battery quality is stable and the
battery is reliability performance. The voltage, capacity
and seals are 100% tested on the line.
Safe certification
All of Tri-Con SLA batteries have already passed UL test.
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| 3.Types and models |
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| 4.Construction |
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Tri-Con SLA battery are so designed that the necessary
quantity of electrolyte is impregnated in the plates and
separators to enhance the capability of negative plates
to absorb the oxygen thus preventing decrease of the electrolyte
and making possible the battery sealed.
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| Tri-Con SLA battery construction
and parts function |
| Parts |
Material
of construction |
Functions |
| Positive
plates |
Positive
plates are plate electrodes of which a grid frame
of lead-tin-calcium alloy holds lead dioxides as
the active material. |
Retain
sufficient capacity.
Maintain capacity performance
for long period of time (long life performance).
Minimize self-discharge. |
| Negative
plates |
Negative plates are
plate electrodes of which a grid frame of lead-tin-calcium
alloy holds spongy lead as the active material. |
Retain
sufficient capacity. Maintain
capacity performance for long period of time (long
life performance). Minimize self-discharge. |
| Separator |
The
advanced micro porous Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) separators
retain electrolyte and prevent shorting between
positive and negative plates. Separators adopt a
non-woven fabric of fine glass fibers, which is
chemically stable in the diluted sulfuric acid electrolyte.
Being highly porous, separators retain electrolyte
for the reaction of active materials in the plates |
Prevents
short circuit between positive and negative plates.
Retains electrolyte.
Prevents active material
fall by pressing plate surfaces. |
| Electrolyte |
Diluted
sulfuric acid is used as the medium for conducting
ions in the electrochemical reaction in the battery. |
Causes
electron motive reaction in negative and positive
active material. |
| Container
& cover |
Materials
of the body and cover of the battery case are ABS
resins, unless otherwise specified |
Accommodates
plate group consisting of positive and negative
plates and separators.
Retains sufficient mechanical
strength to withstand battery internal pressure. |
| Safety
valve |
Synthetic rubber with
excellent acid resistance and little deterioration
by aging. In cap shape. The valve is comprised
of a one-way valve made of material such as neoprene. |
Releases
gas if cell internal pressure rises abnormally high
and normalizes internal pressure. Prevents
ingress of oxygen. |
| Terminal |
Positive and negative
electrodes terminals may be fasten tab type; bolt
fastening type, threaded post type, or lead wire
type, depending on the type of battery. Sealing
of the terminal is achieved by a structure, which
secures long adhesive-embedded.
Color of sealing compound:
red for positive section and black for negative
section. |
Terminal
with a large and non-welded sectional area enhances
high rate discharge characteristics and reliability.
Perfect seal is given
at a terminal sealing section.
Facilitates fixing of
connecting bars and take off terminal. |
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| Electrochemical Reactions
on Electrodes |
| ¡¡he electrochemical reaction processes
of the valve-regulated lead-acid battery (negative electrode
recombination type) are described below. Where "Charge"
is the operation of supplying the rechargeable battery
with direct current from an external power source to change
the active material in the negative plates chemically,
and hence to store in the battery electric energy in the
form of chemical energy. ¡¡"Discharge" is the
operation of drawing out electric energy from the battery
to operate external equipment. |
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¡¡When
battery charging approaches its final stage the charging
current is consumed solely for electrolytic decomposition
of water in the electrolyte, resulting in generation of
oxygen gas from positive plates and hydrogen gas form
negative plates, the generated gas will escape form the
battery causing a decrease of the electrolyte, thereby
requiring occasional water replenishment.
However, Tri-Con SLA battery utilize the characteristics
of spongy lead, or negative active material, which is
very active in moist conditions and reacts very quickly
with oxygen, thereby suppressing the decrease of water
eliminating the need of water replenishment.
On the one hand, after the final stage of charging or
under overcharge condition, the charging energy is consumed
for electrolytic decomposition of water, and the positive
plates generate oxygen gas, which reacts with the spongy
lead in negative plates and the sulphuric acid in electrolyte,
turning a part of negative plates into a discharged condition
thus suppressing the hydrogen gas generation from negative
plates.
The part of negative plates which had turned to discharged
condition through reaction with oxygen gas is the reverted
to original spongy lead by subsequent charging, thus,
a negative plate keeps equilibrium between the amount
which turns into spongy lead by charging and the amount
of spongy lead which turns into lead sulphate through
absorbing the gas generated from positive plate, which
makes it possible for the battery to be of a sealed type.
The chemical reaction, which takes place after the final
stage of charging or under overcharge condition, is as
shown as follows. |
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| 5.Applications |
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 Stand-by/Back-
up power applications
* Telecommunications
* Solar powered systems
* Electronic switching system
*Communication equipment: base station, PBX, CATV, WLL, ONU,
STB,
Cordless telephone, etc.
*Back up for power failure: UPS, ECR, computer system back-up,
sequence, etc.
*Emergency equipment: lights, fire and burglar alarms, radios,
fire shutters,
Stop-position controls (for machines and elevators), etc.
Main power
applications
*Communication equipment: transceivers
*Electrically operated vehicles: picking carts, automated transports,
electric wheelchairs, cleaning robots, electric automobiles,
etc.
*Tools and engine starters: grass shears, hedge trimmers, cordless
drills,
screwdrivers, jet-skis, electric saws, etc.
*Industrial equipment / instruments and non life-critical medical
equipment:
measuring equipment, non life-critical medical equipment (electro
cardio-graph), etc.
*Photograph: camera strobes, VTR / VCR, movie lights, etc.
*Miscellaneous use: integrated VTR / VCR, tape recorders,
other portable equipment, etc.
Note: other usage of battery please contacts Tri-Con.
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| 6.
Charateristics |
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Charging
Battery life is affected by the charger's performance and the
battery's operating conditions. Charger selection depends on
the battery usage, which may be cycle use or standby use (either
under trickle charge or float charge operation). Please refer
to table bellow for charging method & battery application. |
| Application Charging Method |
Standby / backup use |
¢ó Cyclic Charge Operation |
¢ô Refresh Charge During Storage |
| ¢ñ Trickle Charge Operation |
¢ò Float Charge Operation |
| Constant Voltage
Charging |
Regulation range of controlled voltage: 6V batteries:
6.75V TO 6.9V 12V Batteries: 13.5V TO 13.6V Initial
current: 0.3C or less |
Regulation range of controlled voltage: 6v batteries:
7.2v to 7.5v 12v batteries: 14.4v to 15.0v Initial current:
0.3C or less |
| This method can provide a short-time charge |
The charger¡¯s Current capacity must be big enough to
maintain the specified charging voltage during float |
Short-time charge allowed |
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Same model batteries, Under the same storage, can be
charged in series. Otherwise, they should be recharged
in separate groups. |
| The charge voltage must be stabilized. Otherwise, battery
may be overcharged or overcharge. The charge should
be temperature compensated when using battery in a wide
range of ambient temperature |
| Constant Current Charging |
Not recommended |
Not applicable |
Not recommended |
Charging current; Approx.0.1C Charging time control
is Strictly recommended because an over-charge is more
to occur. No Temperature compensation is needed. |
| Tapered Current Charging |
Not recommended |
Not applicable |
Not recommended |
Not recommended |
| Two-steps combination charging |
Two-step constant current charge is highly recommended
1) Approx. 0.4C at the first step.
2) 0.02 C-0.05C at the second step. A time control or
a charging voltage detection device is required to transfer
from the first step to the second. |
¡¡ |
¡¡ |
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Trickle-charge standby application
Under standby use, batteries are normally kept in fully charged
condition, and server supply to the load when ac power fails.
Under trickle charge operation, AC power is normally supplied
for operating the equipment, while charging the batteries, which
are not connected to the load, if the ac power fails, a relay
circuit connects the batteries to the load and battery power
is supplied. A two-rate charger or a constant voltage charger
can be used, where the first method is highly recommended.
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Float-charge standby application
In this system, the load and the battery connected in parallel
with the rectified power source. This system requires only a
constant voltage charger, regardless of the power consumption
by the load. As the revaluated voltage of a float charger is
very close to the open circuit voltage of the battery, major
fluctuation in charge voltage may cause battery discharges while
on float. Therefore, in general, battery life in float service
is shorter than in trickle charge service.
Cyclic application
Cyclic use requires a short time charge and protection against
excessive charges and discharges, because inexperienced users
may operate the battery under unfavorable conditions.
Refresh charge during storage
Constant voltage charge or constant current charge can be used.
Solar powered chargers
A battery is an indispensable component of any solar powered
system.
Naturally, in case where the output of the solar exceeds the
capacity of the battery, and weather conditions are such that
there is potential for overcharging the battery, appropriate
regulated circuitry between the solar panels and the battery
is recommended. Tri-Con SLA battery can be charged by the solar
array using regulated circuitry as shown bellow.
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As the system is
exposed to direct sunlight, usually ahighly reflective, heat-resistant
surface material is needed. In general, when designing a solar
powered system, consultation with the manufacturers of both
the solar panel and the battery is strongly advised. |
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| RECOVERY CHARGE AFTER DEEP DISCHARGE |
| battery has been subjected
to deep discharge/over discharge when it is discharged below
specified cutoff voltage. Battery life would be shortened and
it requires a longer period than normal. Please note as a result
of high internal resistance, the charging current accepted by
an over-discharged Tri-Con SLA battery during initial stage of
charging will be quite small but will increase after about 30
minutes until the internal resistance has been overcome. Then
normal and full recovery charging characteristics resume. |
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INTIAL
CHARGE CURRENT LIMIT
¡¡A discharged battery will
accept a high charging current at the initial stage of charging.
But continuously high charging-current can cause abnormal internal
heating that may damage the battery. Therefore, it is necessary
to limit the initial charging current to 0.3C or below under
constant voltage charge to cyclic application.
For standby use, Tri-Con SLA battery is designed so that it will
not accept more than 2C amps even the available charging current
is higher than the recommended limit. Moreover, the charging
current will fall to a relatively small value in a very brief
period of time. Normally, therefore, in the majority of standby
applications, no current limit is required.
Temperature compensation
Electrochemical activity in a battery increases as temperature
rises and conversely decreases as temperature falls.
Therefore, as temperature rises, the charging voltage should
be reduced to prevent overcharge and as temperature falls, it
should be increased to avoid overcharge.
Generally, use of a temperature compensated charger is recommended
in order to attain optimum service life. The temperature recommended
compensation factors for 6v Tri-Con SLA battery are-3mv/cell/¡æ(for
standby use) and-5mv/cell/¡æ (for cyclic use), when temperature
is not 20¡æ/68¡ãF. |
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The relationship between temperatures and
charging voltage in both standby and cyclic applications.
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Discharging
a) Discharge current and discharge cut-off
Recommended cut-off voltages for batteries consistent with discharge
rates are given in the figure below. When battery discharge
at smaller discharge current, the active materials in the battery
will work effectively, so discharge cut-off voltages are set
to the higher side for prevent over-discharge. For larger discharge
currents, on the contrary, cut-off voltages can be set to lower
voltage.
(Note) Discharge cut-off voltages given are recommended values.
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b) Discharge temperature
Control the ambient temperature during discharge within the
range from 5F ~122¡ãF (-15¡æ to 50¡æ) .Batteries operate on electrochemical
reaction that converts chemical energy to electric energy. The
temperature lowers; the electrochemical reaction will be reduced.
When temperature low as -5¡ãF (-15¡æ), available discharge capacity
will be greatly reduced. For the high temperature side, on the
other hand, the discharge temperature should not exceed 122¡£F
(50¡æ) in order to prevent deformation of service life.
c) Effect of temperature on discharge characteristics
Available discharge capacity of the battery varies with ambient
temperature and discharge current as show in the figure below.
Avoid to operate battery below -15¡æ(5¡ãF) or beyond 50¡æ(122¡ãF),
since this may damage the battery even it may still operate.
Increasing temperature increases the capacity ratio. |
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d) Discharge
current
Discharge capability of batteries is expressed by the 20 hour
rate (rated capacity). Select the battery for specific equipment
so that the discharge current during use of the equipment falls
within the range between 1/20 of the 20 hour rate value and
3 times that (1/20 CA to 3 CA): discharging beyond this range
may result in a marked decrease of discharge capacity or reduction
in the number of times of repeatable discharge. When discharging
the battery beyond
said range, please consult Tri-Con in advance. |
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e) Depth
of discharge (DOD)
Depth of this discharge (DOD) is the state of discharge of batteries
expressed by the ratio of amount of capacity discharged to the
rated capacity, e.g. when a 10Ah battery discharge 5h at 1A,
the DOD is 50%.
Storage
a) Storage condition
Observe the following condition when the battery needs to be
stored.
(1) Ambient temperature: 5¡£F ~104¡£F (-15¡æ to 40¡æ) (preferably
below 86¡£F (30¡æ)).
(2) Relative humidity: 25 to 85%
(3) Storage place free from vibration, dust, direct sunlight,
and moisture.
b) Self discharge and refresh charge
During storage, batteries gradually lose their capacity due
to self-discharge, therefore the capacity after storage is lower
than the initial capacity. For the recovery of capacity, repeat
charge / discharge several times for the battery in cycle use;
for the battery in trickle equipment in trickle use, continue
charging the battery as loaded in the equipment for 48 to 72
hours.
c) Refresh charge (Auxiliary charge)
When it is unavoidable to store the battery for 3 moths or longer,
periodically recharge the battery at the intervals recommended
in the table below depending on ambient temperature. Avoid storing
the battery for more than 12 months. |
| Storage
temperature |
Interval
of auxiliary charge (refresh charge) |
| Below 68¡£F (20¡æ) |
9 months |
| 68¡£F
(20¡æ) to 86¡£F (30¡æ) |
6 moths |
| 86¡£F (30¡æ) to 104¡£F (40¡æ) |
3 moths |
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d) Residual capacity after storage
The result of testing the residual capacity
of the battery, which, after fully charged, has been left standing
in the open-circuit state for a specific period at a specific
ambient temperature, is show in the figure below. The self-discharge
rate is very much dependent on the ambient temperature of storage.
The higher the ambient temperature, the less the residual capacity
after storage for a specific period. The self discharge rate
almost doubles by each 10¡æ rise of storage temperature. Self-discharge
rate of Tri-Con SLA battery is approximately 3% per month when
batteries are stored at an ambient temperature of 20¡æ(68¨H).
The self-discharge rate varies with ambient temperatures. Figure
bellow shows the relation between the storage time at various
temperatures and the remaining capacity.
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e) Open circuit voltage vs. residual capacity
Residual capacity of the battery can
be roughly estimated by measuring the open circuit voltage as
show in the figure.
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Temperature conditions
Recommended temperature ranges for charging,
discharging and storing the battery are tabulated below. |
| Charge |
32¡£F
(0¡æ) ~ 104¡£F (40¡æ) |
| Discharge |
5¡£F
(-15¡æ) ~ 122¡£F (50¡æ) |
| Storage |
5¡£F
(-15¡æ) ~104¡£F (30¡æ) |
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Battery life
a) Cycle life
Cycle life (number of cycles) of the battery is dependent on
the depth of discharge in each cycle. The deeper the discharge
is, the shorter the cycle life (smaller number of cycles), providing
the same discharge current. The cycle life (number of the cycles)
of the battery is also related to such factors as the type of
the battery, charge method, ambient temperature, and rest period
between charge and discharge. Typical cycle-life characteristic
of the battery by different charge / discharge conditions are
show by the chart to right.
This data is typical and tested at a well-equipped laboratory
in a controlled environment.
Cycle times are different for each battery model.
Cycle times can also differ from this data when using batteries
under real conditions. |
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b) Trickle (Float) life
Trickle life of the battery is largely
dependent on the temperature conditions of the equipment in
which the battery is used, and also related to the type of the
battery, charge voltage and discharge current. The respective
Figures show the influence of the temperature on trickle life
of the battery, an example of trickle (float) life of the battery,
and the test result of the battery life in an emergency lamp.
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| 7.Precautions |
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Precautions for handling Valve-Regulated
Lead-Acid batteries
¡¤This documents should be read in its entirely and its contents
fully understood before handling or using rechargeable Valve-Regulated
Lead-Acid batteries. If there are any questions, please contact
Tri-Con. Please keep this document available for reference. Due
to the potential energy stored in the batteries, improper handling
or use of the batteries by not observing the precautions listed
in this document may result in bodily injury caused by electrolyte
leakage, heat generation, or explosion.
* All descriptions are subject to modification without notice.
Safety precautions
7.1. Environment and using condition
(1) Avoid direct contact of the battery with metallic containers;
acid and heat-resistant insulators should be employed. Leakage
of the battery in the absence of insulators may cause problems
such as release of fumes and ignition.
(2) Charge the battery using a specified charger or under
the charging condition specified by Tri-Con. Charging the
battery under any other conditions may cause the battery to
overheat, emit hydrogen gas, leak, ignite, or burst.
(3) Do not load vale-regulated lead-acid batteries (hereinafter
described as "the battery") in airtight equipment.
Use of the battery in airtight equipment may cause explosion
of the equipment or injury.
(4) When using the battery in medical equipment, provide a
back-up system other than the main battery. Failure of the
main battery in the absence of a back-up power could lead
to injury.
(5) Do not place the battery near a device that may cause
sparks (such as a switch or a fuse). The battery may generate
flammable gas when charged, so remember to keep the battery
away from fire organ open flame to prevent any sparks from
igniting or causing explosions.
(6) Avoid placing the battery near a heat-generating part
(such as a transformer). Using the battery near a heat source
may cause the battery to overheat, leak, ignite, or burst.
(7) In applications, which use more than one battery, first
make sure of correct mutual connections between batteries,
and then connect the battery with the charger or the load.
Make sure to firmly connect the (+) pole of the batteries
to the (+) terminal of the charger or load, and the (-) pole
to the (-) terminal in the same way. If the poles / terminals
of the batteries, the charger and the load are connected improperly,
explosion, ignition or damage to the batteries and / or equipment
may occur, cause injury to personnel in some cases.
(8)Be extremely careful not to drop the battery onto feet
to avoid the possibility of serious injury.
(9) The operating temperature range for the battery is specified
below. Use of the battery at the temperature beyond this range
may cause battery damage.
Normal operating temperature of the battery is 77¡£F (25¡æ).
When discharged (equipment in use) : 5¡£F to 122¡£F (-15¡æ to
50¡æ)
When charged: 32¡£F to 104¡£F (0¡æ to 40¡æ)
During storage: 5¡£F to 104¡£F (-15¡æto 40¡æ)
(10) Do not place or store the battery in an automobile in
hot weather, under direct sunlight, in front of a stove, or
near fire. Use or storage of the battery in these places may
cause battery leakage, fire or bursting.
(11) Use of the battery in a dusty environment is not recommended,
as it may cause the battery to short. The battery should be
periodically checked when used in such an environment.
(12) Carefully check the life characteristics of the battery
when in actual loaded mode. Life of the battery may vary greatly
depending on charge / discharge conditions.
7.2. Installation
(1) Insulate metallic tools such as torque-wrenches and wrenches
with a vinyl tape, etc. Using un-insulated tools may cause
a short circuit, and the heat or sparks generated by the short
circuit could result in burns, damage to the battery, or ignite
an explosion.
(2) Do not place the battery in a closed room or near fire.
Placing the battery in such a location could result in an
explosion or fire due to hydrogen gas emitted by the battery.
(3) Do not contact any plastic or resin containing a migrating
plasticizer with the batteries. Avoid using organic solvents
such as thinner, gasoline, lamp oil, benzene and liquid detergent
to clean the batteries. The use of any of the above materials
may cause the containers and / or the covers (ABS resin) of
the batteries to crack and leak, or could ignite. Avoid using
material containing a migrating plasticizer by asking the
manufacturer its contents.
(4) Take safety measures such as wearing rubber gloves for
insulation when handling a voltage of 45V or higher. Operation
without safety measures may result in electric shocks to the
operator.
(5) Avoid placing the battery in an environment, which is
susceptible to floods. There is the possibility that if the
battery is immersed in water, it may ignite or cause electric
shocks to personnel.
(6) When unpacking the battery, make sure to handle it gently.
Rough handling may shock the battery, causing damage. Check
that the battery is free from cracks, fractures, tipping and
leakage.
(7) When loading the battery in equipment, mount it in the
lower most section of the equipment in order to ensure easy
checking, maintenance and placement. Do not charge the battery
in the overcharging in the inverted position is demonstrated
in the far left picture are inverted. The following illustrations
are for explaining positions of the battery, not for showing
accurate configurations for each type of battery.
(8)Do not carry the battery by charging it from the terminal
or the lead wire, as it may cause damage to the battery.
When carrying the battery. Exercise caution not to apply a
strong shock to it by dropping it, jarring it or causing it
to collide with other objects, as this may cause damage to
the battery.
Do not underestimate the weight of the battery. As it is heavy
for its volume, careless handling of the battery may cause
backache or other injuries to the operator.
(9) Do not bring covered wires containing plasticizer or non-rigid
PVC sheets in contact with the battery. Do not apply organic
solvents such as paint thinner, gasoline, kerosene and benzene
or liquid detergents to the battery. When brought in contact
with these materials, the battery case may crack, causing
leakage of the battery.
(10) Do not cover the battery with a material, which generates
static electricity, such as a PVC sheet. A static charge may
trigger fire or explosion. In fastening bolts and nuts of
the battery, observe the torque values specified: otherwise,
sparks may be generated and damage of the terminal may occur.
The fastening torque of the terminal may occur.
(11) Apply insulation covers to terminals, joint parts, bolts
and nuts of the battery in order to prevent electric shocks
to personnel.
1) When intending to use the battery in vibrating equipment
such as motorcycles, engine driven bicycles and engine driven
grass shears, please consult Tri-Con in advance.
2) Fasten the batteries firmly to the equipment to avoid the
influence of vibration and / or physical shock.
(12) The battery and / or equipment should be installed by
skilled personnel (specialists) such as personnel qualified
for maintaining battery equipment. Handling of the battery
by unskilled personnel may lead to dangerous errors.
7.3. Preparation Prior to Operation
(1) Be sure to provide enough insulation around the lead wires
and /or plates used between the batteries and the application.
Insufficient insulation may cause an electric shock, heat
generating from a short circuit (or excess current) may result
in an injury, burn, smoke or ignition.
(2) Do not connect the battery directly to a power outlet
or a cigarette lighter socket of an automobile without using
a charger. Direct connection to power source may cause battery
leakage, heating or¡¡bursting.
1) Turn off the switch of the circuit when connecting the
battery to a charger or a load.
2) If newly purchased batteries exhibit any irregularities
in initial use, such as rusting, heating or other problems,
they should not be used. Continued use of an irregular battery
may lead to leakage, fire or bursting of the battery.
(3) Since the batteries tend to lose a part of their capacity
due to self-discharge during shipment and storage, recharge
the batteries before you use them after purchase or long-term
storage in order to restore their full capacity before recharging:
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Charging method |
Charging condition
(at 25¡æ) |
Constant voltage
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Regulation range of the controlled voltage: 7.25V to
7.45V/6V battery, 14.5V to 14.9V/12V battery; Initial
current: 0.1CA to 0.4CA; Maximum charging time: 24 hours.
Short-time charge is possible when several batteries
of the same storage conditions can be charged in series.
Otherwise they can be charged separately. |
Constant current
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Charging
current: 0.1CA Charging time (hours) = [Amount of self-discharge
(Ah)/0.1CA] *120% Rough estimation of amount of self-discharge
is as follows (for an example): When the storage ambient
temperature is lower than 25¡æ, and storage time is known,
assure the following amount of self-discharge: [5%/month]*storage
months. Multiply this by the rated capacity (at 20 hours
rate) of the battery Regardless of the above calculation,
the charge time for a refresh charge must be less than
12 hours When the storage ambient temperature is higher
than 25¡æ, please consult Tri-Con. |
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7.4. Unspecified Use
(1) Do not place the batteries in an unspecified use or they
may leak, ignite, or explode.
7.5. Method of use
(1) The batteries must be charged using the specified charger
or by maintaining the charging conditions indicated by Tri-Con.
If the batteries are charged under conditions other than those
specified by Tri-Con, thy may leak, ignite or explode.
(2) Do not connect the (+) and the (-) terminals of the battery
to each other with a metallic material such as wire; do not
allow tools such as pipe wrenches and wrenches to touch points
of different voltage on the battery; and do not bring metallic
necklace or hair pins into contact with the battery or store
them together with the battery. Failure to observe these precautions
may cause the battery to overheat, emit hydrogen gas, leak,
ignite, or burst.
(3) Do not throw the battery in fire nor heat the battery.
The battery may burst or generate a toxic gas if placed in
contact with fire.
(4) Do not attempt to disassemble, remodel or destroy the
battery, as it may cause battery leakage, fire or bursting,
and could also create sulfuric acid spills from the battery
resulting in possible burns to personnel and damage to the
immediate environment.
(5) Check the battery for any sign of irregularities in appearance.
If there is any damage to the battery case/cover such as cracks,
deformation or leakage, replace the battery with a new one.
If the battery of regular appearance continues to be used,
decreased of capacity, leakage of electricity, fumes, ignition
or other problems may result.
(6) If any irregularity is found in areas such as the charge
voltage and discharge characteristics of the battery, replace
it. For safety, make sure to observe the following: Otherwise,
leakage, ignition or an explosion of the battery may occur.
1) Do not charge the battery with its (+) and (-) terminals
and the (+) and the (-) terminals of the charger connected
in reverse.
2) Do not apply a solder directly to the battery terminals.
If direct soldering is unavoidable, please contact Tri-Con
in advance.
3) Avoid mixed usage of batteries differing in the type, manufacturer
or history of use.
4) Do not remove or damage the outer case of the battery.
5) Do not apply strong shocks or jolts to the battery.
(7) Do not continue to charge the battery beyond the time
specified in the instructions of use of the charger. If the
battery is not fully charged even after being charged for
a longer time than specified may cause the battery to leak,
ignite or burst.
(8)Do not discharge the batteries beyond the maximum values
indicated in the specifications. If the battery is discharged
beyond the maximum values, they may leak, ignite or explode.
Keep the battery beyond the reach of small children. During
charging or actual use of the battery, take caution not to
allow small children to remove the battery from equipment.
7.6. PROPOSITION
Battery posts, terminals, and related accessories contain
lead and lead compounds, chemicals known to the State of California
to cause cancer and reproductive harm. Wash hands after handling.
(1) The recommendation cut-off voltage during discharge depends
on the size of the discharge current. The relationship between
the storage battery discharge current and the ideal discharge
cut-off voltage is described in Tri-Con specifications and
technical handbooks. Do not continue discharge to the point
where the voltage drops below the recommended discharge cut-off
voltage.
If a storage battery that was discharged below the recommended
discharge cut-off voltage is recharged, the storage battery
may generate heat, which could deform it or cause condensation
to form on the battery casing due to the evaporation of moisture
from inside the battery. Discharge below the recommended discharge
cut-off voltage may also accelerate the deterioration of the
battery's performance characteristics.
(2) Avoid overcharge, and charge the battery immediately after
discharge. The instruction manual of the equipment should
contain information telling the user not to overcharge the
battery and to charge the battery immediately after the use
of equipment (discharge). Even if discharge of the battery
is stopped before voltage decrease to such a level that the
battery driven equipment stops being operational, deterioration
of the battery may be accelerated by the so-called sulphation
phenomenon if it is not recharged after use. The low voltage
cut-off circuit should be designed so that it can completely
cut off the discharge current including a weak current.
(3) If a charge method and a charge condition other than that
described in the specification and the technical brochures
are to be adopted, charge/discharge characteristics and life
characteristic of the battery should be thoroughly checked
in advance. The adoption of adequate charge methods and adequate
charge conditions are crucial to ensure safe use of the battery
and for fully utilizing the battery capacity.
(4) For the cycle operation of the battery (application of
the battery as the main source of power by repeating charge
and discharge), use a charger, which operates by controlling
either the charge period or charge quantity. Continue charging
the battery for the time specified or until the charge completion
lamp, if provided, indicates completion of charge. If charge
is suspended before completion, the service life of the battery
may be shortened.
(5) Avoid parallel charging of batteries in cycle use, as
this may shorten the service life of the batteries by causing
an imbalance in charge/discharge state among the batteries
connected in parallel.
(6) During trickle or float charge of the battery, measure
the total voltage with a high-accuracy Voltmeter of Class
0.5 or better. If the voltage readout does not meet the specified
value, investigate the reason and take proper measures. A
total voltage that is lower than the specified value indicates
insufficient charge, which may reduce the battery capacity;
a voltage higher than specified indicates an overcharge, which
may shorten service life of the battery or cause problems
such as thermal runaway in some cases.
(7) Make sure to turn off the switch of the battery equipment
after use, otherwise excessive discharge may cause deterioration
in battery performance and shorten service life.
(8)When the equipment is not used for a long period, remove
the battery from the equipment, charge it fully, and store
it in a place where humidity is low. Unsatisfactory storage
conditions may cause deterioration in battery performance,
shorten service life and could cause rust to form on the terminals.
7.7. Maintenance and checking
(1) Clean the battery with a slightly damp cloth, ensure there
is no excess water on the cloth by squeezing it well. Do not
use a dry cloth or a duster, as it may cause the battery to
generate static electricity, leading to possible ignition
and bursting of the battery.
(2) Replace the battery with a new one within the time period
specified in the instruction manual or equipment.
Follow the guideline which states the battery should be replaced
when its capacity has decreased to 50% of the initial capacity
(at an ambient temperature of 77¡£F(25¡æ)or below ). In the
trickle or float application of the battery (application as
stand-by power) at an ambient temperature higher than 77¡£F(25¡æ),
the period for which the battery can be used before replacement
is shorted by a half for every 10¡æ rise of the temperature.
When the discharge current becomes higher 0.25 CA, the run
time and the battery life is also shorted.
The usable period for the battery is markedly shortened near
the end its service life (when discharge time has decreased
to 50% of the initial). This is also the period when battery
problems such as internal resistance) and corrosion of the
cathode grids will occur. Replace the battery before these
conditions are reached: if the battery continues to be used
under these conditions, maximum discharge current will continue
flowing, which may lead to thermal runway or leakage.
(3) Do not apply organic solvents such as paint thinner, gasoline,
kerosene and benzene or liquid detergents to the battery.
If these are brought into contact with the battery case, it
may crack, causing leakage.
(4) Keep the terminals of the battery clean. Dirty terminals
may cause inadequate contact of the battery to the equipment
body, leading to power failure or charge failure.
7.8. Emergency measures
(1) The battery contains diluted sulfuric acid, a very toxic
substance. If the battery leaks and the liquid inside spills
on the skin or clothing, immediately wash it off with plenty
of clean water. If the liquid splashes into eyes, immediately
flush the eyes with plenty of clean water and consult a doctor.
Sulfuric acid in the eyes may cause loss of eyesight and acid
on the skin will cause burns.
(2) If any corrosion of the terminals, leakage or deformation
of the case of the battery is found, do not use the battery
and turn off the power supply. If a battery, which is irregular
or substandard in any way, continues to be used, leakage,
fire or bursting of the battery may occur and there is also
a potential for electric shock.
7.9. Storage
(1) Store the battery in a stable position so as to keep the
terminals of the battery away from any metallic or other conductive
material (including items that may fail or drop onto the battery).
(2) Protect the battery from rain. If the terminals of the
battery come into contact with water, they may corrode.
(3) Keep the battery in the upright position as a general
rule, and does not apply abnormally strong vibrations or shocks
to the battery. Transportation of the battery in an abnormal
position or the application of abnormally strong vibrations
or shocks to the battery may cause damage to the battery and
the deterioration of the characteristics.
(4) When storing the battery, remove it from the equipment
or disconnect it from the charger or the load and keep it
in a place where temperature is low. Do not store the battery
under direct sunlight or a high temperatures (140¡£F (60¡æ)
or higher) or in a highly humid atmosphere, because rusting,
deterioration of performance and life of the battery may occur.
(5) During storage of the battery, charge it at least once
every six months (when ambient temperature is 77¡£F (25¡æ) or
below). Shorten the interval of charge to a half every 50¡£F
(10¡æ) rise of ambient temperature. The rate of the self discharge
of the battery doubles for each 5¡£F (10¡æ) rise of ambient
temperature. If the battery has been stored for a long period
in a discharged state, it may not be able to regain its capacity
even if it is recharged.
(6) If the battery is stored for a year or longer without
being charged, its service life may be shortened.
(7) Store the battery after fully charging it; otherwise its
service life may be shortened.
(8) Use the battery as soon as possible. The battery gradually
deteriorates during storage and thus its decreased capacity
may be irreversible even allowing when recharged.
7.10. Disposal of batteries
(1) In countries where there are legal or voluntary regulations
on the recycling of rechargeable batteries, please provide
written information on recycling of rechargeable batteries
with the equipment, packing, instruction manuals, etc.
(2) Adopt methods and measures for equipment design and battery
mounting that will allow for easy removal of batteries for
replacement and disposal.
(3) Used batteries are recyclable. When returning used batteries,
insulate their terminals with adhesive tapes, etc. otherwise
the residual electricity in used batteries may cause a fire
or explosion.
(4) This battery is fully recyclable and should be accepted
at location that accepts common automotive starter batteries.
Examples of places that accept these batteries are: county
or municipal recycling drop-off centers, scrap metal dealers,
and retainers who sell automotive replacement lead acid starter
batteries. In North American, non-consumers can call 1-800-SAV-LEAD
for assistance in recycling.
Refer to the SAV-LEAD section in the back of this handbook
for complete instructions.
7.11.Charging Considerations
a) Temperature compensation of charge voltage
Charging voltage should be compensated to the ambient temperature
near the battery, as show by the figure below. Main reasons
for the temperature compensation of charge voltage are to
prevent the thermal runaway of the battery when it is used
in high temperature conditions and to secure sufficient charging
of the battery when it is used in low temperature conditions.
Prolongation of service life of the battery by the above described
temperature compensation is expected as follows.
At 30¡æ: Prolonged by approx. 5%
At 35¡æ: Prolonged by approx. 10%
At 40¡æ: Prolonged by approx. 15%
In low temperature zones below 20¡æ, no substantial prolongation
of the battery life of charge voltage.
Compensated voltage value
b) Charging time
Time required to complete charging depends on factors such
as depth of the battery, characteristics of the charger and
ambient temperature. For cycle charge, charging time can be
estimated as follows:
(1) when charge current is 0.25 CA or greater: Tch = Cdis
/ I + (3 to 5)
(2) when charge current is below 0.25 CA: Tch = Cdis / I +
(6 to 10), where Tch : Charging time required (hours) Cdis:
Amount of discharge before this charging (Ah) I: Initial charge
current (A)
Time required for trickle charge ranges from 24 to 48 hours.
c) Charging temperature
(1) Charge the battery at an ambient temperature in the range
from 0¡æ to 40¡æ.
(2) Optimum temperature range for charging is 5¡æ to 35¡æ.
(3) Charging at 0¡æor below and 40¡æ or higher is not recommended:
At low temperatures, the battery may not be charged adequately;
at high temperatures, the battery may become deformed.
(4) For temperature compensation values, see a).
d) Reverse charging
Never charge the battery in reverse, as it may cause leakage,
heating or bursting of the battery.
e) Overcharging
Overcharging is an additional charge after the battery is
fully charged. Continued overcharging shortens the battery
life. Selected a charge method, which is specified or approved
for each application.
f) Charging before use
Recharge the battery before use to compensate for capacity
loss due to self-discharge during storage.
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